Analyses and articles on political persecution in the German Confederation during the Restoration (1815 to 1866)
The Carlsbad Decrees represent one of the most significant instruments of political persecution in German history. Following the Napoleonic Wars and influenced by the French Revolution, liberal and national movements emerged in the German states.…
The life of Karl Marx (1818–1883) was a decades-long struggle not only against capitalist structures but also against the administrative and police repression of the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund). His biography is a prime example…
Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) was far more than just the “second man” alongside Karl Marx. As a radical journalist, revolutionary fighter, and military theorist, he was a primary target for the security authorities of the German…
Following the upheaval of the Napoleonic Wars, the rulers of Europe sought to turn back the clock. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund), established in 1815, was not a unified nation but a loose association of 39…